Small capitals are just smaller versions of capital letters that are specially designed letters. They are slightly bigger than the x-height of lowercase letters and they have matching weight. Small capitals are used in the case where normal capitals would make a section of text too busy. Adobe Garamond has small caps.
Ligatures are specially designed combinations of characters, for example the fi and the fl. These characters traditionally have the problem of crashing into each other because the ascender of the letter "f" would crash into the ascender or the dot of an "i" if it indirectly follows the "f". There are no ligatures in Adobe Garamond.
The font mark is used to indicated feet of a letter and its angled line.
Hyphens are used as a symbol to break up words and these dashes can replace commas.
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